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GEOGRAPHY 



OF 



KANSAS 



To Accompany Butler's Complete Geography 



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E. H. Butler and Company 

PUBLISHERS 

PHILADELPHIA 



Copyright, 1888. by E H. BuTLBK & Co. 



KANSAS. 



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KANSAS. 




O^L. iBti^ft^ 



known as tlie " Plains." 
It consists of undula- 
ting lands divci'sificd 
with rounded hills, low 
ridges, sand-hills 
and river-valleys. 

8. In all parts of 
the state the surface is 
scored with valleys. 
In the eastern part these ha\ e the character of the t}-pical river- 
bluffs, but in the western part they have more the nature of ter- 
raced canons and inain'aiscs tcnrs, or "bad lands." 

9. The Slope of the state is generally eastward ; the south- 
ern part has a southeasterly slope. The average descent is about 
seven feet per mile. 

10. The Drainage of the state is effected by a large number 
of swiftly-flowing rivers having an easterly or a southeasterly 
course. All of them belong to the Mississippi system, but in 
Kansas they form two group.s — those tributary to the Arkansas, 
and those tributary to the Missouri. They arc characterized by 
wide beds, shallow water, and low banks. 

11. The Missouri River is practically the only navigable 
stream touching the state. It is navigable about 2500 miles 
beyond Leavenworth. 

12. The Kaw or Kansas River is formed by the union of the 
Republican and Smoky Hill Rivers. The Kaw and its trib- 
utaries drain nearly half the state. Its length, including its 
windings, is nearly 400 miles. 

13. The Smoky Hill and Republican Rivers have their sources 
in Colorado, but most of their tributaries head in the western 
part of Kansas. 

14. The Arkansas River rises in the Rocky Mountains. In its 
upper course it flows in deep granite canons, but after entering 
Kansas its basin widens out into a broad valley with long and 
gentle slopes. 

' The sand-liills are drifts of sand which have been formed by tlie wind in much 
the same manner as snow-drifts are made. In former years they were constantly shift- 
ing with the wind. At the present time, in the majority of instances, they are no 
longer subject to the action of the wind, being held in place by the grass and veg- 
etation which cover them. 

'The following table shows the teni|ierature and rainfall for stations in the east- 
ern, central, and western jiarls of the state : 



15. Formerly this \alley was a herding-place for bison, but 
with the advance of civilization it became one of the most famous 
of cattle-grazing regions. The .stock-ranch, under the pressure 
of a rapidly-increasing population, has given way to the grain- 
farm and the village. 

16. The Cimarron is the chief southern tributary of the Ar- 
kansas. Another tributar)', the Medicine Lodge, flows through 
the famous " red-rock " region, where occur the Gypsum Hills. 
Both have wonderfully fertile valleys. 

17. The Neosho and Verdigris, northern tributaries of the Ar- 
kansas, drain the southeastern part of the state. In various parts 
of their courses they have laid bare ledges of excellent building- 
stone of great extent. 

18. The Marais dcs Cygnes {jna-ra da-scoi' — "marsh of the 
swans ") flows across the boundary of the state at Linn Comity 
and becomes the Osage River of Missouri. 

19. There arc no mountain-ranges in the state, and the only 
elevations above the general level of the surface are the Gypsum 
Hills in Barber County, the Blue Hills in Osborne County, and 
the Flint Hills in Butler Count)'. There are numerous sand- 
hills in the western [)art. 

20. Climate.— The climate of Kansas is not one of great 
extremes of heat and cold. The temperature does not often sink 
below zero in the coldest days of winter, and the summer hot 
waves are of short duration." 

21. Because of its nearly level surface, the winds sweep across 
the prairies unimpeded ; but the greater part of the state lies too 
far south to be in the track of mo.st of the blizzards. There are 
occasional tornadoes or whirling storms. 

22. The rainfall varies from about 20 inches in the east to 44 
inches in the west. Most of the rain falls between the months 
of April and August. The fall and winter months are therefore 
comparativel}- dry. 

23. Soil. — The various soils of Kansas possess unusual fer- 
tility, and few states have less proportional waste or unproductive 
land. The soil of the river-bottoms is a rich black loam contain- 
ing much vegetable mould. That of the prairies, which covers 
most of the state, is almost equally productive. The soil of the 
high plains is a sandy loam. 

24. Animals. — The bison, elk, deer, antelope, and prairie- 
wolf were formerly numerous in Kansas, but with the westward 



Station. 


Locntiitn- 


Av. Summer 
Teniper.Htiire. 


Av. Winter 
Temperature. 


R.,iiin,ll. 


Leavenworth 

Concordia 

Dodge City 


Eastern. 
Central. 
Western. 


73° 
74° 
74° 


24° 
24° 
27° 


43-7 '"■ 
41. in. 
23.7 in. 



KANSAS. 




Great Bend of the Missouri Kivcr. 
(Sliowing the mouth of the Kaw River, Kansas City, and a part of Kansas City, Mo.) 

march of civilization the)- liave nearly or quite disappeared, varieties are the oak, elm, walnut, hickory, maple, ash, sycamore,! 

having given place to vast herds of domestic cattle. cottonwood, and hackberry. The wild plum and wild cherry arc! 

25. Occasionally the lynx, black bear, deer, Texas civet, rac- abundant, 
coon, opossum, and prairie-wolf arc seen ; but these animals are 28. Many thousand trees are annually planted, the chief va- ' 
not common. The hare and several species of rodents are rieties being the locust, ailanthus, eucal}'ptus, conifers, and the 
numerous. ' common species of fruit trees. Wild grasses are abundant 

26. The waters are fairly supplied with food-fish. Grouse ^^''th the disappearance of the bison, the buffalo- or bunch- 
and other wild fowl are abundant. The state is occasionally grass has largely given place to the more nutritious varieties 



scourged with visits of the Rocky Mountain locust, or " grass- 
hopper." ' 

27. Vegetation. — The natural forestry of the state covers 
about one-twentieth of its area. This is confined chiefly to the 
eastern part and the river-bottoms. Among the most useful 

• The Rocky Mountain locust, Aciydiiim aniericantim, is confined chiefly to the 
region of the Plains. It ap[iears in other parts of the Mississippi Valley, but rarely in 
such numbers as to be destructive. The female when about to lay her eggs forces a 
hole into the ground by means of the horny valves at the end of her abdomen, selecting 
preferably land that has not been freshly plowed. In this hole is deposited a frothy, 
mucous matter, and with it a numljer of eggs, one by one, until from 20 to 35 are 
laid. Tlie mucus soon hardens into a firm cement, which holds the eggs together, 
and the chamber in which they are deposited is finally sealed with the mucus, which 
is tolerably impervious to water. This process is repeated twoortliree times, and each 
female deposits from 120 to 150 eggs. Tlie egg-laying process lasts, in general, from 
the middle of August to the middle of October. The eggs remain in a dormant state 
until the following spring, and the hatching, beginning with the first warm weather, 
continues until the middle of June. The larvas, when hatched, at once show a ravenous 
desire for food, but it is not until they have moulted, or cast off their first and second 
larva-sldns, that they begin to migrate. Up to that time they huddle in warm or 
shelteied places, living on weeds, especially dry fennel. The moulting season once 
begun, they rise in such swarms tliat the air is sometimes darkened and the sun ob- 
scuretl. Not infrequently a swarm will cover the ground to the depth of two or three 
inches. In 1S75, near Lane, Kansas, the Big and Little Blue Rivers were crossed by 
swarms in numerous j^laces. " As they reached the water's edge they began jumping 
in, one upon another, until they pontooned the stream, thereby effecting a crossing." 
(Rilty's 8th Report.') When a swarm has passed a green forest or a grain-field there 
is not an atom of foliage left. The place is shorn of grass, leaves, and even twigs, 
more effectually than if a prairie-fire had swept over it. When the larvoe pass into 
the pupa state, they assume a bright orange color. They are still ravenous, but by this 
time they begin to perish by millions, and only a few reach the winged stage. The 
winged insects are less destructive only because there are fewer of them. They are 
especially destructive to Kate-maturing crops. Fortunately, it is only aliout one in ten or 
twelve years th.at all the conditions for the growth and development of the insect are 
fulfilletl. Other years, although abundant, they do not develoii in such numbers that 
they are compelled to migrate for food. 

^ Coal is chiefly carbon, of which charcoal, lampblack, graphite or " black lead," 
and diamond are also forms. Coal with its products, altliough belonging with min- 
erals, is of vegetable origin, and the coal-beds do not difl'er greatly from the stratified 



of bladed grasses. 

29. Minerals. — The mineral wealth of the state consists 
chiefly of its coal-beds,^ limestone-quarries, and salt-mines. 
Lead and zinc are the only metals obtained in the state. Gyp- 
sum is abundant. 

rocks with which they are classed. The coal-beds, like otlier stratified rocks, have been 
formed in the presence of water, and in some instances they have been formed and de- 
posited by water. Instead of being vast accumulations of silt, sand, and gravel, how- 
ever, the coal-seams consist of strata of half-decomposed vegetable matter. In some 
instances the vegetable matter grew in place; in others it was carried down as drift- 
wood, or "rafts," and deposited at the mouths of rivers; in still others both the drift- 
wood and the accumulations by growth are found. The kind of vegetation varies. In 
some places the coal-field was an immense peat-ljog ; in others there was a marshy 
forest in whicli grew SigiUaria", Calamites, Tree-ferns, and Conifers, together with a 
thick undergrowth of ferns. The next step in the formation of coal was the subsidence 
of the thick accumulation of matter below the sea-level. When this had taken place, 
the water soon covered over the mass with a thick layer of sediment. As the thickness 
of the overlying sediment increased, the great pressure above gradually squeezed the 
layer of vegetation to a small fraction of its former thickness. The pressure, and the 
heat arising from chemical decay, finally changed the vegetable tissue to the mineral 
we now find as coal. In many localities the processes' of accumulation, subsidence, 
and metamorphosis have taken place repeatedly. In some ]ilaces there are a hundred or 
more distinct seams. In the Appalachian coal-fields these seams vary from the thick- 
ness of a sheet of paper to sixty feet ; in tlie western fields seams of six and seven feet 
in thickness are common. There are many varieties of coal ; they differ chiefly in the 
amount of volatile matter, or compounds of carbon and hydrogen, which they contain. 
Cannel coal contains from fifty to sixty per cent, of hydrocarbons; splint or block 
coal, from thirty to forty per cent. ; ordinary bituminous, from twenty to thirty-five per 
cent. ; and anthracite, from two to twelve per cent. Between the bituminous and the 
anthracite varieties there are several grades which are variously known as semi-bitu- 
minous and semi-anthracite coals. In the bituminous fields the coal-seams are usually 
horizontal and but slightly disturbed; in the anthracite fields, on the contrary, the 
seams are greatly folded and disturbed. It is thought from this circumstance that 
anthracite coal was formed liy sulijecting the bituminous variety to increased pressure, 
until, in the presence of heat and moisture, nearly all the volatile hydrocarbons were 
driven off. Anthracite is therefore a metamorphic coal. W. Leavenworth several mines 
work the same seam at different localities. It is one of the most valuable yet de- 
veloped in the state. One of the mines belongs to the state, and is worked by con- 
victs of the penitentiary. 



KANSAS. 



30. The coal is of the bituminous kind, and the beds are con- 
fined chiefly to the eastern counties. There are also beds of 

brown lignite coal' in the 
limestones of the north cen- 
tral part of the state. 

31. Limestone adapted 
for building purposes is 
found in nearly every part 
of the -state. Certain vari- 
eties of this limestone are 
very soft when first quar- 
ried, but rapidly harden. 
Excellent flagging-stone oc- 
curs in Osage and Marion 
Counties. 

32. The 
region of 
salt - depos- 
its extends 
across the 





macy. The State Agricultural College, at Manhattan, furnishes 
technical instruction in those sciences which pertain to the devel- 
opment of the natural resources of the state. 

37. There are state normal schools at Emporia, Lea\'en\vorth, 
and Concordia. All these institutions are open to pupils of 
both se.xes. 

38. Government. — Kansas consists of 106 counties. The 
government includes Executive, Legislative, and Judicial depart- 
ments. 

39. The Executive Department consists of a Governor, a Lieu- 
tenant-Governor, a Secretar)' of State, an Auditor, a Treasurer, 
an Attorney-General, and a Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
The.se officers are elected biennially by the people. 

40. The Legislative Department consists of a Senate and a 
House of Representatives. Senators are chosen for four years 
and Representatives for two years. The Legislature meets bien- 
nially. 

41. The Judicial Department includes a Supreme Court and 
various district and local courts. The Chief Justice of the 
Supreme Court and his Associate Justices are elected each for 
six years. 

42. The state is represented in 
Congress by two Senators and seven 
representatives. There are therefore 
nine votes in the electoral college. 



\alleys of the Republican, Solomon, and Saline Rivers. Beds 
of rock-salt varying from fifty to more than one hundred feet in 
thickness have been discovered in boring for natural gas^ in 
Rice, Reno, and Ellsworth Counties. 

33. Natural-gas wells have been struck at Fort Scott, Paola, 
Kansas City, and Lyons. In these localities the gas is largely 
used as fuel in manufacturing-establishments. 

34. Education. — The common-school system is one in 
which the .state may justly take pride. A generous school-fund 
has been provided.' 

35. The system embraces primary, grammar, high, and normal 
schools,* an agricultural college, and a university. The course 
of instruction begins with the kindergarten and ends with the 
post-graduate course of the university. 

36. The State University, at Lawrence, comprises depart- 
ments or colleges of science, literature, law, music, and phar- 

' Brown lignite may be considered a coal in whlth the carbonization of the woody 
fibre or cellular tissue has not been completed or has been arrested. 

' The origin of natural gas is very uncertain, and little is known concerning it. 
.Sometimes it is associated with mineral oil, but in many cases the two seem to be inde- 
jiLMident of association. The gas consists chiefly of carbon and hydrogen. A small 
amount of sulphur-gases is commonly present. In Kansas the gas reaches the surface 
at n jiressure of about one hundred and fifty pounds per sc|uare inch. About twenty 
cubic feet of air are required for the consumption of one cubic foot of natur.il gas, 

' By Congressional provision, the i6th and 32d sections of public land are devoted 



43. Industries. — In no other state have the people shown 
more energy and enterprise in developing the natural resources 
than in Kansas, and, as a result, since i860 the state has risen 
from a position of comparative insignificance to one of the fore- 
most in the Union. Farming is the great industry. More than 
one-fifth of the state is under cultivation, in addition to the large 
area used for grazing. 

44. Wheat, corn, and grass are the most valuable crops, 
and in the yield per acre Kansas is one of the foremost states. 
Oats, rye, and barley are extensively cultivated. Within a few 
years the cultivation of sorghum — a variety of sugar-cane — has 
become an iinportant industry. Stock-raising is carried on chiefiy 
in the grazing-lands of the western part. 

45. The hianufactures consist mainly of lumber, flour, and 
domestic and farming utensils. The extensive water-power of 
the streams has done much to. develop this industry, and the 
utilizing of natural gas has given it a great impetus. The man- 
to internal improvements. In Kansas, as well as in several other states, the proceeds 
from the sales of these lands are made a permanent school fund, the income from 
which is constantly growing. 

> In 1861 there were 217 districts; in 1888, about 8000. Among the private and 
denominational institutions are Washburn College, the College of the Sisters of Beth- 
any, and the Episcopal Theological Seminary at Topeka, Baker University at Baldwin, 
Highland University at Highland, St. Mary'.s Cathedral and St. Mary's Academy at 
Leavenworth, and St. Mary's Mission and St. Mary's College at St. Mary's. There 
are about thirty -five institutions of higher learning in the state. 



KANSAS. 





>&- 



The Great American Desert— Vicinity of Fort Lamed. 



ufacture of sugar from sorghum-canc is a rapidly-developing 
industry. 

46. Mining is confined chiefly to the coal-region, and in the 
output of coal Kansas has a leading position among the states of 
the Mississippi Basin. Lead and zinc are mined in Cherokee 
County, and the products of the mines aggregate about $500,000 
yearl)-. 

47. The commerce of Kansas is almost wholly domestic, 
and is confined to the shipment of the products of the state and 
the trans-shipment of much of the freight passing between the 
Atlantic and Pacific coasts. 

48. The railway's of the state had in 1S87 an aggregate length 
of 8200 miles. The most important trunk-lines are the Atchison, 
Topeka and Santa Fe (a transcontinental line extending to the 
Pacific coast), the Kansas Pacific, the Chicago, Kansas and 
Nebraska, the Missouri Pacific, and the Union Pacific' 

49. Historical.— Prior to the last French and Indian War, 
Kansas was a part of the great empire which the French 
attempted to establish in the Mississippi Valley. In 1803 this 
territory was ceded to the United States under the name of 
Louisiana. 

50. In 1812 the northern part of this territory was organized 
as Missouri Territory, and in 1854 the Territory of Kansas was 
laid off. The new territory extended westward to the foot of the 
Rocky Mountains. Its jurisdiction included nearly all of what 
are now Colorado and Nebraska. 

51. From 1854 to 1861 there was a large immigration from 
both Northern and Southern States, and a fierce strife was waged 
to determine whether Kansas should be admitted as a free or a 

• slave state. The strife resulted in its admission as a free state.^ 

52. The war of secession followed closely upon the admission 
of Kansas to the Union, and the borders of the state were the 
scenes of several bloody conflicts. Few, if any, states furnished, 
proportionateK', more soldiers than Kansas. 

' The several trunk-lines crossing tiie slate own or lease a great ntmiber of con- 
necting and loc.tl lines. In 1S61 tliere was not a mile of railway in Kansas; in 
1887, 2500 miles were constructed. 

"^ In the bill for the organization of tlie territories of Kansas and Nebraska the 
question as to whether slavery was to be permitted or not was left to the decision of 



53. The close of the civil war was the beginning of a period 
of remarkable prosperity. Immigrants came from all parts of 
the United States. Cities and towns sj)rang up almost like 
magic, and in less than thirty years a million and a half of people 
had built beautiful homes in a land which only a few )'cars prioi\ 
was the herding-ground of the bison and the camping-place of 
the Indian, 

54. Cities and Towns. — The incorporated towns of Kansas 
are divided according to population. Cities of the first class are 
those having a population of 15,000 or over; cities of the second 
class are those having a population of between 2000 and 15,000; 
cities of the third class are those having a population of less 
than 2000. 

55. Topeka, the capital, is situated on both sides of the Kaw 
River, about 67 miles from its mouth, and is in the heart of the 
most fertile and populous part of the state. 

56. The greater part of the cit}- lies on the south bank of the 
river, the two parts being connected by fine iron bridges. Sev- 
eral lines of railway centre in the city. It is one of the oldest 
settlements in the state. 




state-House, Topeka. 

57. Wichita, the county-seat of Sedgwick County, is one of the 
largest cities in the state. It is also the chief railway-centre. It 
is in the midst of a rich agricultural region, and is the principal 
depot and distributing-point for Southern Kansas. 

58. The rapid growth of this city is due to the de\-elopment 
of railways, twelve of which centre in it. From the si.xth city 
in rank in iSSo, it rose to the first in 1887. 

59. Lcavcinvorth, near the site of Fort Leavenworth, an im- 
portant United States military post, is the metropolis of the 
state. It is an important railway centre, and the chief river-port 

the jieople. For seven years after the pa.ssage of the bill the stale was the scene of 
lawless violence and bloodshed. Parties of armed men came in from surrounding 
states, and elections 'were contested as freely with the bowie-knife and the revolver as 
with the ballot. When the election returns came in, it was found that in many local- 
ities the number of votes far exceeded the population of the election district. 



8 



KANSAS. 



of the Missouri west of Kansas Cit\-. An iron bridge nearly a 
mile and a quarter long spans the ri\-er at this point. 

60. Leavenworth is in the midst of the chief coal-mines of the 
state. Its manufactures include lumber, farming utensils, and 
furniture. There are several large grain-elevators. 

61. The public schools are among the best in the country. 
One of the state normal schools is located in Leavenworth. 
There are also many private institutions of learning. 

62. Kansas City is situated opposite Kansas City, Missouri, on 
the north bank of the Kaw, at its confluence with the Missouri 
River. It includes Wyandotte, Armourdale, and Armstrong. 

63. The machine- and repair-shops of the Kansas Pacific Rail- 
way are located at this place. Cable and elevated raihva\-s con- 
nect the city with Kansas City, Missouri. 

64. Atchison, an important river-port of the Missouri River, is 



ing trade in the southern part of the state. It is an important 
railway-centre, and contains thriving manufactures. 

70. Wellington, the county-seat of Sumner County, is situated 
in one of the most fertile and populous parts of the valley of 
the Arkansas River. Its remarkable growth is due to the rapid 
development of the raihvay-.system of Southern Kansas. 

71. Other Cities and Towns. — ValUys of the Ka-v and Smoky Hill Rivers. — 
Saliiia, Junction City, Ogden, Maiiliattan, St. Mary's, W'amego, Abilene, Solomon City, 
Ellsworth, Russell, Lincoln, Alma, Argentine, Holton, Valley Falls, and Hays Citv, — 
all trade-centres locateti in rich farming-regions. 

Valley of Ihe Rifiiblican. — Clay Centre, Clifton, Clyde, Concordia, Bellville, 
Scandia, — thrifty towns in a region of rapidly-increasing population. 

Valley of the Solomon. — Minneapolis, Beloit, Cawker City, Kirwiii, Phillips- 
burg, Osborne City, Stockton, — centres of trade. 

Valley of the Big Blue nnJ Little Blue. — Irving, Blue Rapids, WaterviUe, Marxsvillc. 

Valley of the J/arais des Cygnes. — Ottawa, La Cygne, Paola, Osage City, Osa- 
watomie, — all old settled towns and centres of a well-developed farming-region. 




State Normal School, Emporia. 



one of the eastern termini of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa 
Fe Railway. The city has extensive manufactures of flour, 
brick, furniture, and farming utensils. 

65. Lawrence, the county-seat of Douglas County, is situated 
on the Kaw River, in the centre of a rich agricultural region. 
The river at this point furnishes an abundance of water-power 
for manufacturing purposes. 

66. This city was the scene of many exciting events during 
the territorial period of Kansas, and was sacked by Quantrell's 
guerillas during the civil war. The State University is located in 
Lawrence. 

67. Fort Scott, the county-seat of Bourbon Count)-, is the 
centre of a rich coal-region. The mining and shipment of coal 
constitute the chief industry. It contains also the principal 
manufacturing establishment of sorghum-sugar. 

68. Emporia is situated in the heart of a rich grain-region. It 
is at the intersection of several railway-lines, and contains thriv- 
ing manufactures. Emporia is the seat of one of the state nor- 
mal schools. 

69. Hnlchinson is the distributing-point of a large and increas- 



I'allev of the Arkansas.— Vt(A<^ei City, Newton, Arkansas City, Kingman, McPhcr- 
son, Anthony, Great Bend, Garden City, Harper, Laurel, Lyons, Kinsley, Medicine 
Lodge, Caldwell. 

J'alley of the AWsho. — Parsons, Council Grove, Pittsburg, Burlington, Clianule, 
Tola, Humboldt, Oswego, Clietopa, — all located in well-developed farming-regions. 

Valley of the Verdigris. — Independence — an important grain-market and a well- 
built and thriving town — Coffeyville, Fredonia, Neodeslia, Eureka, Yates Centre. 

Valley of the Walnut.— Wm^ieU, El Dorado, Augusta. 

POPULATION OF CITIES. 
Cities of Kansas having a population of 3000 and upwards, March i, 1887. 



Wichita . . . 
Leavenworth . 
Topeka . . . - 
Kansas City . 
Atchison {1885) 
Lawrence . . . 
Fort Scott . . 
F.niporia . . . 
Hutchinson . . 
Wellington . . 
Newton . . . 

Ottawa 

Salina .... 
Parsons .... 
Clay Centre . 
Winfield . . . 
Arkansas City 
El Dorado . . 



Popula- 
tion. 



,760 
,210 
,973 
,066 

.599 
.829 
,620 
.3'9 

.012 
,682 

1 339 
,000 
,Sn 
,010 
,840 
,184 
,066 
733 



Abilene . . . . 
Independence . 
Kingman . . . 
Pittsburg . , , 
McPberson . . 
Junction City . 
Dodge City . . 
Anthony . , . 
Concordia . . 
Osage City . . 
Olathe . . . . 
Harper , . , . 
Chanute . . . 
Manhattan . . 
Minneapolis 
Oswego . . . . 

P.ioli 

Beloit 



5.025 
5,000 
4,068 

4.°33 
3,800 
3,702 
3.687 
3.574 
3.534 
3.505 
3.463 

3.345 
3.331 
3. "5 
3,211 

3.13= 
3,010 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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